This book integrates recent developments in management thought

with standard management principles. Such a blending of the newer

concepts in organizational behavior with classical theory provides

a strong conceptual foundation for successful managerial perform-

ance. A manager s understanding of organizational relationships

and conception of the nature of management greatly affect the extent

to which any organization or business achieves its fundamental goals.

The process of managing constitutes the subject matter of this

book. This process entails a number of management functions, and

these functions--that is, the planning, organizing, directing, and

controlling activities performed by managers at all levels- provide

the basic framework for discussion. The treatment of management

functions differs from older conventional approaches, however, in a

number of ways.